Tsarist control thus primarily served to indirectly increase the veil's use. Hajj participation sparked a rise in religious observance, and in public displays of piety via the veil. Russian conquest also brought wealth and, subsequently, more hajj participation. Separate laws allowed prostitution in Russian zones, encouraging veiling as a firm way for Central Asian women to preserve their honor. The Tsarist government, while critical of veiling, kept separate laws for Russians and Central Asians in order to facilitate a peaceful, financially lucrative empire. Russia ruled Central Asia as one unit called "Turkestan", although certain zones retained domestic rule.
Starting in the 1860s, the Tsarist conquest of Central Asia both increased the number who veiled and raised the status of veiling. The Jadids prepared the ground for women's rights in the Soviet era, but accomplished little outside their own circle. Mullahs believed that education would lead to unveiling and subsequent immorality, an opinion most non-Jadids shared. Despite the Jadid's limited reach and modest goals, the mullahs criticized the Jadids harshly. The elite nature of the movement, however, restricted the education initiative to the upper class. The Jadid's female relatives received good educations and would go on to form the core of Soviet-era feminism. However, Jadid nationalism did promote education for women, believing that only educated women could raise strong children. Very few were interested in banning the veil. Jadids were drawn primarily from the upper ranks of settled Uzbeks, the class in which veiling and seclusion were most prevalent. Traditional culture Ĭaricature on Islamic spousal relationship from Azerbaijani Molla Nasraddin magazine (right - noble Azeri couple in Paris, left - on their estate in the Caucasus)Īrrayed against the traditional practices stood the Jadids, elite Central Asians whose support for women's education would help spur Soviet era unveiling. Rural Uzbeks, meanwhile, wore a chopan, a long robe that could be pulled up to cover the mouth in the presence of men. Urban women veiled with chachvon (face veil) and paranja (body veil), although the cost of the veil prevented poorer women from using it. Even among this population, veiling depended on social class and location. Only settled Uzbeks and Tajiks had strict veiling practices, which Tamerlane supposedly initiated. Though Muslim, they had been under Russian rule since the 17th century and were in many ways Europeanized. Tatars emigrating from Russia were unveiled. The yashmak was applied in the presence of elders and was rooted in Mediterranean and West Asian customs (see namus). Prior to Soviet rule, Nomadic Kazakh, Kirgiz, and Turkmen women used a yashmak, a veil that covered only the mouth.
Veiling in Central Asia was intricately related to class, ethnicity, and religious practice. However, over time the campaign was a success- female literacy rates increased, while polygamy, honor killing, underage marriage, and use of the veil diminished. Wearing it became an act of religious and political defiance, and a sign of support for ethnic nationalism.
The veil inadvertently became a cultural identity marker. Contrary to its aim, Hujum was seen by many Muslims as outside foreigners, namely Russians, attempting to force their culture upon the indigenous population of Tajiks, Tatars, and Uzbeks. The program was initiated on Women's Day, 8 March 1927, and it was a change from the Bolshevik policy of religious freedom for the Muslims in Central Asia. It was originally conceived to enforce laws that gave women in patriarchal societies equality by creating literacy programs and bringing women into the labor force. The campaign's purpose was to rapidly change the lives of women in Muslim societies so that they may participate in public life, paid work, education, and ultimately membership in the Communist Party. By abolishing them in Central Asia and heralding in women's liberation, the Soviets believed they could clear the way for the construction of socialism. The party began re-emphasizing their messages women's liberation within class consciousness. The era was often symbolized by the burning of the face-veil that women in the Muslim majority areas of the Soviet Union wore, but removal of the veil was not the sole goal of the campaign.
#Sharia unveiled series
Khudzhum, IPA: in Turkic languages, storming or assault, from Arabic: هجوم) was a series of policies and actions taken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, initiated by Joseph Stalin, to remove all manifestations of gender inequality, especially on the systems of female veiling and seclusion practiced in Central Asia.
0 kommentar(er)
